53 research outputs found
Strong gravitational lensing by braneworld black holes
In this paper, we use the strong field limit approach to investigate the
gravitational lensing properties of braneworld black holes. Applying this
method to the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy, the lensing
observables for some candidate braneworld black hole metrics are compared with
those for the standard Schwarzschild case. It is found that braneworld black
holes could have significantly different observational signatures to the
Schwarzschild black hole.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, RevTeX4; v2 reference added; v3 minor technical
correctio
Black hole solutions in the warped DGP braneworld
We study the static, analytical solution of black holes in the warped DGP
braneworld scenario. We show that the linearized field equations and matching
conditions lead to solutions that are not compatible with
Schwarzschild-(A)dS solutions on the brane. This incompatibility is
similar to vDVZ discontinuity in massive gravity theory. Following the standard
procedure to remove this discontinuity, which firstly was proposed by
Vainshtein, we keep some appropriate nonlinear terms in the field equations.
This strategy has its origin in the fact that the spatial extrinsic curvature
of the brane plays a crucial role in the nonlinear nature of the solutions and
also in recovering the well-measured predictions of General Relativity (GR) at
small scales. Using this feature, we obtained an interesting black string
solution in the bulk when it is compatible with 4D GR solutions on the brane.Comment: 15 pages, no figure
Strong Gravitational Lensing by Sgr A*
In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the potential of
the galactic center as a probe of general relativity in the strong field. There
is almost certainly a black hole at Sgr A* in the galactic center, and this
would allow us the opportunity to probe dynamics near the exterior of the black
hole. In the last decade, there has been research into extreme gravitational
lensing in the galactic center. Unlike in most applications of gravitational
lensing, where the bending angle is of the order of several arc seconds, very
large bending angles are possible for light that closely approaches a black
hole. Photons may even loop multiple times around a black hole before reaching
the observer. There have been many proposals to use light's close approach to
the black hole as a probe of the black hole metric. Of particular interest is
the property of light lensed by the S stars orbiting in the galactic center.
This paper will review some of the attempts made to study extreme lensing as
well as extend the analysis of lensing by S stars. In particular, we are
interested in the effect of a Reissner-Nordstrom like 1/r^2 term in the metric
and how this would affect the properties of relativistic images.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. Submitted as invited review article for the GR19
issue of CQ
Particle motion and gravitational lensing in the metric of a dilaton black hole in a de Sitter universe
We consider the metric exterior to a charged dilaton black hole in a de
Sitter universe. We study the motion of a test particle in this metric.
Conserved quantities are identified and the Hamilton-Jacobi method is employed
for the solutions of the equations of motion. At large distances from the black
hole the Hubble expansion of the universe modifies the effective potential such
that bound orbits could exist up to an upper limit of the angular momentum per
mass for the orbiting test particle. We then study the phenomenon of strong
field gravitational lensing by these black holes by extending the standard
formalism of strong lensing to the non-asymptotically flat dilaton-de Sitter
metric. Expressions for the various lensing quantities are obtained in terms of
the metric coefficients.Comment: 8 pages, RevTex, 1 eps figures; discussion improved; typos corrected;
references adde
Strong Gravitational Lensing in a Charged Squashed Kaluza- Klein Black hole
In this paper we investigate the strong gravitational lensing in a charged
squashed Kaluza-Klein black hole. We suppose that the supermassive black hole
in the galaxy center can be considered by a charged squashed Kaluza-Klein black
hole and then we study the strong gravitational lensing theory and estimate the
numerical values for parameters and observables of it. We explore the effects
of the scale of extra dimension and the charge of black hole
on these parameters and observables.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure
Short-term safety outcomes of mastectomy and immediate implant-based breast reconstruction with and without mesh (iBRA): a multicentre, prospective cohort study
Background Use of biological or synthetic mesh might improve outcomes of immediate implant-based breast reconstruction—breast reconstruction with implants or expanders at the time of mastectomy—but there is a lack of high-quality evidence to support the safety or effectiveness of the technique. We aimed to establish the short-term safety of immediate implant-based breast reconstruction performed with and without mesh, to inform the feasibility of undertaking a future randomised clinical trial comparing different breast reconstruction techniques. Methods In this prospective, multicentre cohort study, we consecutively recruited women aged 16 years or older who had any type of immediate implant-based breast reconstruction for malignancy or risk reduction, with any technique, at 81 participating breast and plastic surgical units in the UK. Data about patient demographics and operative, oncological, and complication details were collected before and after surgery. Outcomes of interest were implant loss (defined as unplanned removal of the expander or implant), infection requiring treatment with antibiotics or surgery, unplanned return to theatre, and unplanned re-admission to hospital for complications of reconstructive surgery, up to 3 months after reconstruction and assessed by clinical review or patient self-report. Follow-up is complete. The study is registered with the ISRCTN Registry, number ISRCTN37664281. Findings Between Feb 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016, 2108 patients had 2655 mastectomies with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction at 81 units across the UK. 1650 (78%) patients had planned single-stage reconstructions (including 12 patients who had a different technique per breast). 1376 (65%) patients had reconstruction with biological (1133 [54%]) or synthetic (243 [12%]) mesh, 181 (9%) had non-mesh submuscular or subfascial implants, 440 (21%) had dermal sling implants, 42 (2%) had pre-pectoral implants, and 79 (4%) had other or a combination of implants. 3-month outcome data were available for 2081 (99%) patients. Of these patients, 182 (9%, 95% CI 8–10) experienced implant loss, 372 (18%, 16–20) required re-admission to hospital, and 370 (18%, 16–20) required return to theatre for complications within 3 months of their initial surgery. 522 (25%, 95% CI 23–27) patients required treatment for an infection. The rates of all of these complications are higher than those in the National Quality Standards (<5% for re-operation, re-admission, and implant loss, and <10% for infection). Interpretation Complications after immediate implant-based breast reconstruction are higher than recommended by national standards. A randomised clinical trial is needed to establish the optimal approach to immediate implant-based breast reconstruction
Braneworld black holes in cosmology and astrophysics
The braneworld description of our universe entails a large extra dimension
and a fundamental scale of gravity that might be lower by several orders of
magnitude compared to the Planck scale. An interesting consequence of the
braneworld scenario is in the nature of spherically symmetric vacuum solutions
to the brane gravitational field equations which could represent black holes
with properties quite distinct compared to ordinary black holes in
4-dimensions. We discuss certain key features of some braneworld black hole
geometries. Such black holes are likely to have diverse cosmological and
astrophysical ramifications. The cosmological evolution of primordial
braneworld black holes is described highlighting their longevity due to
modified evaporation and effective accretion of radiation during the early
braneworld high energy era. Observational abundance of various evaporation
products of the black holes at different eras impose constraints on their
initial mass fraction. Surviving primordial black holes could be candidates of
dark matter present in galactic haloes. We discuss gravitational lensing by
braneworld black holes. Observables related to the relativistic images of
strong field gravitational lensing could in principle be used to distinguish
between different braneworld black hole metrics in future observations.Comment: Latex, 35 pages, Review article published in Int. J. Mod. Phys. D
(uses stylefile ws-ijmpd.cls); typos corrected; references adde
Adherence to best practice consensus guidelines for implant-based breast reconstruction: Results from the iBRA national practice questionnaire survey
Introduction: The 2008 National Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Audit demonstrated marked variation in the practice and outcomes of breast reconstruction in the UK. To standardise practice and improve outcomes for patients, the British professional associations developed best-practice guidelines with specific guidance for newer mesh-assisted implant-based techniques. We explored the degree of uptake of best-practice guidelines within units performing implant-based reconstruction (IBBR) as the first phase of the implant Breast Reconstruction Evaluation (iBRA) study. Methods: A questionnaire developed by the iBRA Steering Group was completed by trainee and consultant leads at breast and plastic surgical units across the UK. Simple summary statistics were calculated for each survey item to assess compliance with current best-practice guidelines. Results: 81 units from 79 NHS Trusts completed the questionnaire. Marked variation was observed in adherence to guidelines, especially those relating to clinical governance and infection prevention strategies. Less than half (n = 28, 47%) of units obtained local clinical governance board approval prior to offering new mesh-based techniques and prospective audit of the clinical, cosmetic and patient-reported outcomes of surgery was infrequent. Most units screened for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus prior to surgery but fewer than 1 in 3 screened for methicillin-sensitive strains. Laminar-flow theatres (recommended for IBBR) were not widely-available with less than 1 in 5 units having regular access. Peri-operative antibiotics were widely-used, but the type and duration were highly-variable. Conclusions: The iBRA national practice questionnaire has demonstrated variation in reported practice and adherence to IBBR guidelines. High-quality evidence is urgently required to inform best practice
Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes
We review the theoretical aspects of gravitational lensing by black holes,
and discuss the perspectives for realistic observations. We will first treat
lensing by spherically symmetric black holes, in which the formation of
infinite sequences of higher order images emerges in the clearest way. We will
then consider the effects of the spin of the black hole, with the formation of
giant higher order caustics and multiple images. Finally, we will consider the
perspectives for observations of black hole lensing, from the detection of
secondary images of stellar sources and spots on the accretion disk to the
interpretation of iron K-lines and direct imaging of the shadow of the black
hole.Comment: Invited article for the GRG special issue on lensing (P. Jetzer, Y.
Mellier and V. Perlick Eds.). 31 pages, 12 figure
Strong Gravitational Lensing of Quasi-Kerr Compact Object with Arbitrary Quadrupole Moments
We study the strong gravitational lensing on the equatorial plane of a
quasi-Kerr compact object with arbitrary quadrupole moments which can be used
to model the super-massive central object of the galaxy. We find that, when the
quadrupolar correction parameter takes the positive (negative) value, the
photon-sphere radius , the minimum impact parameter , the
coefficient , the relative magnitudes and the angular position
of the relativistic images are larger (smaller) than the
results obtained in the Kerr black hole, but the coefficient , the
deflection angle and the angular separation are smaller
(larger) than that in the Kerr black hole. These features may offer a way to
probe special properties for some rotating compact objects by the astronomical
instruments in the future.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in JHE
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